Atlan, page 1 of 2

The last book in Jane Gaskell’s Atlan Saga was published in 1977, either prompted by or coinciding with a reissue of the previous novels that same year. Part of what led to my reading this last book in this series (which, for me, has been increasingly discouraging, and often powered wholly by my difficulty in abandoning something I’ve started), was the thought that, after a gap of a few years, Gaskell might have returned to Atlan with a fresh approach—something that was backed up by knowing this book was narrated not by Cija, but her daughter, Seka. And, early on, Seka (after reading her mother’s capacious but seemingly unloseable diary) in effect reviews the previous novels, calling Cija “a natural observer of life unless forced to be a protagonist, and a coward too”—so, passive, which I’d agree with, though I don’t think of her as cowardly—and concluding that “my cautious, sensible mother was an extremely silly lady”. I was hopeful, then, that Seka might be different.

Aside from the change in narrator (who, I have to say, writes exactly like Cija, so not much change there), there were a few notable differences. Gaskell allows herself more sexually explicit language, though most of it occurs in the first few pages, as though she soon tired of the novelty. Also, she has at last discovered names: we get Soursere, Quar, Ilxtrith, and Quantumex. But not all the time. One key character is referred to as “Beautiful” before being renamed “the Saint”.

But soon enough, it was clear not much had changed. For a start, Seka is a child and tied to her mother—so when Cija gets kidnapped, as she inevitably does (several times), Seka gets kidnapped with her. What’s more, Seka lost her voice in a previous book, so can’t play much of an active role in terms of asking questions, telling people things, etc. She doesn’t even show much initiative in terms of making herself known without the use of her voice. By the time Cija and Seka found themselves part of the Dragon General Zerd’s army train, heading north for another conquest, I began to feel that I might as well be re-reading the first novel. I have to admit I started skim-reading pretty early on, and only finished this novel because I looked up some reviews and criticism and found a few people saying this was the best book of the series (it may be, I had ceased to be able to tell) and that it had a visionary ending.

It did have a more fantastic ending, with Cija, Seka & co. being taken, at last, to Ancient Atlan, which seems to resemble, much more, the faerie-like strangeness of Gaskell’s first novel, the genuinely unique Strange Evil. But we’re only there for a short space, not long enough for things to develop, and for a lot of it the Atlantean Juzd is telling Cija what the deeper spiritual meaning of all her adventures has been. At this point, I tried breaking out of skim-reading mode, but whenever I did, I just couldn’t bring myself to read more than a few sentences. I’d ceased to care about any of the characters, let alone the supposed meaning of their adventures, and was just reading to see how things ended.

But, every so often, Gaskell would throw in an idea you just couldn’t find anywhere else. For instance, as the characters are passing through a funeral chamber, they see a snake, and one of the mourners says that this is the dead man’s “self-regard”, which we all have, in serpent form, wrapped around the base of our spine. It was a moment where the strangeness of this world Gaskell had created seemed to come alive, but it was never mentioned again, and the possibility of a world being created in which such a belief fitted was lost.

Throughout the series, there’s never been an overall sense of direction. Each novel is just a loose bag of episodes, each episode a loose bag of events. There are moments of interest, occasional striking ideas, but just too much drudgery overall, and certainly no sense of a mythic underlying structure, or a coherently created world.

Another thing that has driven my reading of the series has been looking at how it was received in its day, as prior to this instalment the series was coming out in the days before otherworld fantasy was a commercial genre, or even much of an uncommercial one. The initial books were, then, reviewed in the mainstream press (particularly as Gaskell was also writing non-fantasy books at the same time). But with Some Summer Lands, that’s no longer the case. Fantasy was—had just become—a commercial genre, and so perhaps was now considered beneath the dignity of mainstream reviewers. I’ve only been able to find one newspaper review. Michael Unger, writing in the Liverpool Daily Post (3 September 1977), said:

“Miss Gaskell’s writings have been compared with Tolkien’s Lord of the Rings, so that, plus the fact that she was once a child prodigy with her first book written when she was 14, led me to believe that she must be a formidable writer. Sadly, therefore, I have to report that the book was hugely disappointing. The only connection between Miss Gaskell and Tolkien is that both invented their own fantasy world. Miss Gaskell’s was introduced to us in her Atlantis trilogy, and her latest offering is again set in this imaginary continent. But it is really escapist writing of a style similar to many a science fiction writer.”

Ultimately, the view I most chime with seems to be John Grant’s, from the St James Guide to Fantasy Writers (1996). After calling Some Summer Lands “this fascinatingly bad book”, he goes on to say “Yet there are also sections in which Gaskell seems at last to have become interested in her Atlantean epic” — which makes me realise how one of the things I’ve felt throughout is to wonder why Gaskell was writing this, when she didn’t seem interested in it, except at brief moments.

Oddly, I feel as though I could still read something by Gaskell—her vampire novel, Shiny Narrow Grin, sounds interesting. But, having been aware of the series since my epic-fantasy-reading days began in the 80s, I have to admit it’s just so unlike I expected it to be. I was at least hoping to encounter something with the originality of pre-genre fantasy, combined with the growing air of imaginative and individual freedoms created by the 1960s social revolutions; but the result has been, if anything, more the dreariness of the kitchen sink 60s than the wild imagination of the psychedelic 60s, and dreariness is not what I come to fantasy for.

Like Atlan, the previous volume in the saga of Cija’s constant imperilment, The City (1966) was published simultaneously with a realistic novel from Gaskell, this time All Neat in Black Stockings, the tale of an innocent young woman who falls for a womanising window-cleaner (filmed in 1969 as an Alfie-like comedy that left the darker aspects out). Cija’s adventures, on the other hand, are basically a continuation of the previous books. First, there’s that disparaging tone which always clamps onto something to complain about, as the book opens with Cija finding herself on “The dirtiest quay I’ve ever been on. And a scum of dirty ice over almost everything…” Almost immediately, she’s sold into a brothel, but escapes that for a life of domestic drudgery. It’s only then she realises where she is: back in the city of her birth, in the realm of her Dictatress mother and High Priest father, who are vying for control of the land. Her father, of course, wants Cija dead, because he’s supposed to be celibate, so can’t have a daughter walking around. If that weren’t imperilment enough, she’s kidnapped by a tribe of ape-men, who seem to be intent on fattening her up to feed to their children, until one of the tribe, Ung-g, becomes protective of her and is forced to flee with her into the surrounding jungles. The two witness a pair of Tyrannosaurs mating, concluding in the female eating the male. It’s a savage moment that could well be Gaskell’s ultimate vision of the relationship between the sexes, if it didn’t turn out that Ung-g, despite not being human, is the most ideal mate Cija has yet encountered:

“It has taken primaeval man, an animal of the forests, to show me how tender tenderness can be.”

But the idyll doesn’t last. Cija is found by her father’s men and taken to his volcano fortress where, she’s told, she is to be sacrificed. (Her father, it turns out, has got round the demand for celibacy by taking a bejewelled crocodile as a consort—a crocodile that, despite being a reptile, has breasts.) Needless to say, Cija is once again rescued from her peril, reunited with her mother, and, just as she realises she’s pregnant with Ung-g’s baby, is told her husband Zerd is due to arrive any moment…

Although this was the last volume in the Atlan saga for just over ten years, it doesn’t show any signs that this was meant to be a conclusion. (The story of the four books has, for me, shown no overall shape, despite this being the volume where Cija comes home.) All the same, there’s something of a thematic resolution in Cija being faced by two of the most extreme examples of maleness so far—and the series has, really, been all about Cija’s very difficult relationships with men. On the one hand we have Ung-g, an almost wordless semi-human who’s nevertheless protective of Cija and tender towards her; on the other, there’s her father, who wants to kill her. Mother-figures don’t fare much better, either. There’s the brothel-madam Rubila, then the woman who takes Cija in as a servant of sorts, whom Cija actually refers to as Mother (and whose actual daughters say they know she hates them), and then her Dictatress mother, right at the end, who we know has already used her quite coldly in her own plots. The Atlan saga is, frankly, a nightmare of personal relationships.

One of the things that’s kept me reading these books—apart from the difficulty I have in not finishing something I’ve started—is learning how this bizarre series (which must have seemed even more bizarre at the time it was published) was received, in the days before fantasy became a publishing phenomenon. How did the reviewers understand it? As literature or schlock? Well, there was this kind of review, from Patricia Hodgart in the Illustrated London News:

“The City, third in a series of horror-comic Gothic romances, has the same kind of sick jokiness as Pop art. Here be dragons, but her heroine, Cija, survives them all—alligators, octopuses, sadistic priests, the lot—only to become pregnant by an almost human ape who has rescued her. Crudely written indigestible stuff, for monster-lovers only.”

But also this kind, from Wendy Monk at the Birmingham Daily Post:

“The richness of the author’s imagination comes into its own when the outcast empress goes into the jungle with an ape… Miss Gaskell’s sleight-of-hand just manages to deceive until the end of the game; only it is not the end, for we shall meet Cija again.”

But overall, I’m more inclined to agree with Susan Hill (who I’m assuming is the same Susan Hill who wrote The Woman in Black), in the Coventry Evening Telegraph:

“Miss Gaskell writes with her imagination in full flood, but I’m beginning to find Cija rather a bore.”

Nevertheless, with only one volume left, I’ve got this feeling I’m going to end up finishing this saga anyway, if only to see what a gap of ten years might make of Gaskell’s fantasy world. The final volume, Some Summer Lands, came out in 1977.

Gaskell’s continuation of her prehistorical fantasy saga, Atlan (1965) — either the second or the third volume, depending whether you’re reading it back then in hardback or now in paperback — was not only published simultaneously with another of her novels, a “witty look at modern Fleet Street” The Fabulous Heroine, but written simultaneously with it, too. According to an interview she gave to The Daily Mail (3 September 1965), “When I was feeling emotional I worked on ‘Atlan’. When I was in a calmer mood I got on with my other novel.”

It opens a year after the end of the previous book. Cija, now Empress of Atlan beside her husband Zerd, is pregnant. The trouble is, relations between herself and Zerd being what they are, the baby can’t be his, but her half-brother Smahil’s. As soon as she realises, she finds a way to hasten the baby’s entry into the world, so Zerd will think it’s his. Meanwhile, armies from the Northern and Southern kingdoms are seeking to enter Atlan to topple Zerd and take over for themselves. To make matters worse, the army of the Northern Kingdom is headed by Zerd’s first wife, Princess Sedili, and the army of the Southern Kingdom is headed by the father of Zerd’s second wife, Lara, who’s also along for the ride. The political situation, then, is indistinguishable from the rivalries of three women for Zerd, or at least for the throne at his side.

To keep Cija and his putative heir, Nal (who plainly looks nothing like him — Zerd, after all, has blue scales), safe, Zerd decides to send them to a remote castle. On the way, they’re attacked by the huge Yulven (wolves) of Atlan, who slaughter all but Cija and her son. Cija finds refuge in a nearby inn, where she’s forced to work as “a scullion, a scrubber and a dweller in grime and grease and backstairs slime”, at least until the winter ends. Thus begins the first of many reversals of fortune for our narrator-heroine.

The reversal is Gaskell’s main plot device. Sometimes, perhaps, reversal isn’t the word, as Cija might be rescued from one peril only to find her rescuers another sort of peril entirely. Every so often she finds herself restored to being an Empress, whereupon she becomes completely bored. But, not to worry, she’s going to find herself thrown into peril again: there’s a mad scientist hiding in the castle walls, or a disreputable member of her retinue shoves her and her children into a boat and pushes her out in a rough sea, or she wanders lost through an empty land foraging for food only to be picked up by her main rival, Princess Sedili. Like a fantasy version of The Perils of Pauline, the turns of this bottom-weighted Wheel of Fortune continue almost all the way to the end, where she finds herself crawling into the slimy lair of a swamp serpent in search of her daughter (she has, by now, acquired a second child, this time definitely Zerd’s). In a rare moment of self-awareness, Cija at one point reflects: “My own pattern appears clear to fate. The tower and the flight and then the tower again.”

But this isn’t a complaint. In fact, the best thing about reading Atlan and its predecessors The Serpent and The Dragon is how utterly mad they are. On the surface, Cija herself appears quite reasonable, almost ordinary, but the world around her is crazy-full of bandits, warriors, “robbers, rapists, killers, perverts and just plain brutes”, schemes, plots, wars, catastrophes, dangerous creatures, and innumerable other perils. Even in the relatively stable islands of non-adventure between these eruptions of plot-insanity, Gaskell can create some interesting and original settings. The inn where Cija is forced to scullion early in the book transcends the cliché of the fantasy inn by being convincing in its own shabby way. It’s a big establishment, with rivalries between the servants in the various wings; it’s presided over by a completely cynical and bullying old woman, who takes a particular dislike to Cija, forcing her to sleep Harry Potter style in a cupboard under the stairs; and each winter’s end, it’s regularly raided by cattle-thieves, who break in, steal, and cause havoc, in the face of which the staff are so helpless that they eventually give in and just treat the whole thing as a particularly out-of-hand party.

The main negative for me is Cija herself. As she’s the narrator, we see all this madness through her eyes, and she has a powerful dulling effect on the whole thing. As a character, she’s rather shallow, self-involved, a bit spoiled and somewhat insipid. (No negative trait in a literary character is a real negative if it’s carried out with brio, but Cija is just a little too lifeless for that.) At one point she says:

“I’ve a right to a life of my own, doing something I want to do. Not just playing a forgotten wife, a wife-in-waiting, a forsaken Queen all palely loitering — till I am pulled into the pit of the maelstrom just because I married someone famous…”

But there are points in the narrative where she’s got plenty of opportunity to do whatever she wants to do — when she’s Empress of her own little castle, for instance — but she does nothing except get bored. She has no aim, and no real interest in life. She needs all the peril just to perk up a bit. Her overall tone, to me, felt like she was constantly running her finger over the surface of things, then looking disgusted at the grime she’d picked up. She does a lot of complaining. Even when she and her children are in peril of their life, she’ll never fail to point out how her clothes are getting dirty, or she’s being forced to walk through cold puddles.

Even more than in The Serpent, there’s something non-connective about her. She just doesn’t like anyone. “I am all alone,” she says, “even if there are people and animals alone with me, all alone just as I always was.” But she’s never alone in this book. She just doesn’t connect with the people she’s with. Even her children. Of her son Nal, for instance, she says “Do I love him? No, he makes my flesh creep.” And Zerd, who for a brief moment she decides she really does love, only for that to fade a few pages later, she calls “the man I suppose I certainly seem to love”. The Lady doth equivocate too much. (She’s even not too keen on herself. She decides she is, to the men in her life, “Too much trouble, no returns.”)

She dislikes places, too. Of the castle which is her home, she comes to feel that “The inn with all its squalor and degradation seemed nearer to my bones than this great shell in which I wander aimlessly.” And, finally, she dislikes Atlan itself:

“I spent a lifetime yearning for Atlan, the great good stronghold, the lost purity, before ever I heard its name. I curse the day I first set foot on it… and I hope never to see Atlan again.”

But Atlan itself has secrets still to be explored. The thing that kept me going through this novel — when Cija’s insipidity as a narrator blinded me to the utter madness of the plot — were the hints of “Ancient Atlan”, the land-within-the-land that Cija glimpsed on her first arrival there: a mystical place of faerie-like beings and strange powers, something closer to the world of her first novel, Strange Evil, perhaps. The Yulven who spare her life, and who seem to have a particular reverence for her son (who, being born of Cija and Smahil, both of whom are descended from alien gods, has “the wild blood, the gods’ blood, the darkness-divinity”), the mysterious pipe-player who pops up to enchant people with his weird playing, the grumpy old women who have witchy powers: all of these pointed towards a journey into that far more magical realm. But that journey isn’t made in this book. I can only hope it is in one of the following two volumes.

My favourite contemporary review for Atlan is a short one (The Aberdeen Press and Journal, 14 Aug 1965):

“Jules Verne could have written this novel but he would have kept it clean.”

Though, “Jules Verne” is probably named as he’s the only imaginative writer the reviewer knew, because Atlan is hardly Jules Verne material, and that hint the novel is somewhat racy is overselling things a bit. Perhaps it was for mid-60s Britain, but it’s nowhere near as salacious as, say Robert E Howard could be. But that brief review does at least hint at how frankly unhinged this book can be — and how much more so it must have seemed at the time (in the UK, anyway), which was on the cusp of the 60s social revolutions that would soon turn the real world on its head.